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Russia’s Cycles of Modernisation
 

First Cycle: from the 1690s to the 1850s
 
Peter the Great (1682—1721)
Catherine the Great (1762—96)
Alexander I (1801—1825)
Nicholas I (1825—55)
Crimean War (1853—56)
 

Second Cycle: from the 1850s to the 1980s
 
Alexander II (1855—81)
World War I and the 1917 revolutions
Stalin’s industrialisation of 1930s
Routing of Nazi Germany in 1945
Cold War (1946—91)
Brezhnev era (1964—82)
 

Third Cycle: from 1985
 
Mikhail Gorbachev (1985—91)
Boris Yeltsin (1991—99)
Vladimir Putin (2000—2008)
Dmitry Medvedev (2008—)
 
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Reform and Westernisation

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Russian Federation
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Great Leap to Capitalism
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Russian Federalism
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