Interest-based or ideological parties
	All of them participated in previous Duma votes. They have financial resources, brand names, and organizational capacities
	All of them have well-defined political orientations, loyal electorates, and notable leaders
	All have established disciplined factions in the Duma
	Stable levels of support: no new ideologically based party has managed to challenge these established parties for their political niches

 

 

“Presidential Coalitions” ("Parties of Bosses")

 

	They are concerned not with party development, but with influencing the presidential election
	They use parliamentary campaign as a presidential primary
	Comprised mainly of members of the state bureaucracy and governing elites
	“Virtual parties” that can be set up almost overnight by using state-based informal networks of “bosses”
	They have very poorly defined identities within the electorate
	Their programmes contained many contradictions

 

 

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