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the
spread of marxist ideas in europe coincided with the rising interest
of the political and cultural elites in russia in the issue of
揜ussia between europe and asia?and stimulated the ongoing
discussion between westernizers and slavophiles. marx抯 theory
seemed to fit neatly into the westernizers?ideological framework,
particularly into more radical strands of 搘esternism.? |
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the marxist teaching, as interpreted by its russian followers, had
certain appealing qualities. the doctrine seemed to explain clearly and
logically the development of human society by the action of certain
immutable laws. the knowledge of these laws allowed making 搒cientific?
predictions of the direction, stages, and final goals of human progress.
in other words, marxism offered its followers a ready-made formula of
social transformations suitable for any part of the world, including
russia.
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the
growing popularity of marxism in russia must be seen in the wider
context of the modernizing processes that were beginning to affect
the country at the end of the nineteenth century. the development of
capitalism, the appearance of elements of civil society, and the
government-sponsored industrialization of the 1890s seemed to
indicate that russia, after all, took the road followed by the
leading group of industrialized nations. the western model of
development appeared to display major advantages. it accelerated
cultural, economic, and technological progress and led to the
establishment of parliamentary systems and the expansion of
democratic freedoms. all this gave credibility to the arguments of
the russian advocates of westernism.
as a
result, russian radicals began to see the process of westernization
and europeanization of russia through the prism of marxist theory.
it should be noted that the conversion of russian radicals to
marxism was, to a great extent, influenced by the successes of the
western european social-democratic movement. european social
democracy in those days adhered to the theoretical tenets of
marxism. russian radicals were convinced that the european
social-democratic movement was an influential force contributing to
democratization of western european society. they saw positive signs
of this democratization in the appearance of labor legislation and
trade unions and the recognition of social and political rights of
workers. these progressive developments represented real
achievements in the struggle for social equality in the west, and
they seemed proof enough for russian intellectuals of the scientific
correctness of marxism.
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