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analysts, however, are convinced that leninism rests firmly on the
doctrinal foundations of classical marxism. it is possible to list a
range of marxist principles by which lenin was guided in his
activities, first as the leader of the russian proletarian
revolution and later as the head of the victorious workers?
government. these ideas formed part and parcel of leninism and were
thoroughly assimilated by it. they became the immutable dogmas that
underpinned the construction of socialism in the former ussr. only
the most central of them will be summarized here: |
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humankind in its development passes through five formations,
with communism being the highest and final of them.
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humankind advances to communism, the essence of which will be
揻rom each according to his abilities, to each according to his
needs?
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private ownership of the means of production is connected with
exploitation; with the abolition of private property,
exploitation will disappear.
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class struggle is the essence of world development: 揟he history
of all hitherto existing society is the history of class
struggle?(marx).
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class struggle is waged by two main classes: the exploited
working class and the exploiting class of the bourgeoisie.
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due to its social position, the working class is naturally
attracted to socialism.
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the state is an instrument created to protect the exploiters
from the exploited.
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democracy under capitalism is merely one of the forms of the
exploiting bourgeois state.
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the road to socialism lies through a violent revolution, the aim
of which is the destruction of the bourgeois state and private
ownership and the creation of a workers?state梩he state of the
dictatorship of the proletariat.
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the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat is a necessary
stage in the transition to a classless society, a society
without the state.
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the essence of socialism and of the transition to communism is a
gradual abolition of money-commodity relations (in other words,
of the market).
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the essence of a socialist economy is a high degree of
centralization and of planning in all aspects of the economy.
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the dictatorship of the proletariat is unthinkable without the
communist party抯 dominant position within the state.
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marxist tenets with lenin抯 amendments became gospel in the soviet
union, and the ruling ideology was frequently referred to as
揗arxism-leninism.?the soviet model of socialism was not just the
result of soviet rulers?policies. it was a logical end product of
the implementation of the principles elaborated by the founders of
marxism. their ideas, such as a nonmarket economy, the dictatorship
of one class, and the predominance of a single, communist ideology,
provided the cornerstones of the new social system. the practical
implementation of these ideas in every country, which followed the
soviet model, led to the alienation of people from power, their
estrangement from property, and the rise of an authoritarian state.
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