"They have almost unlimited resources and this seems to pose a threat to people's confidence in the company," said Dr. Hollenbeck, an assistant professor of marketing at the Anderson School of Management at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Twitter: Linda Yaccarino, NBCUniversal's advertising chief, is set to become the face of the company after she was selected as its chief executive by Elon Musk.
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stalin抯 industrialization was totally 揳nti-western?in its
methods: it was not based on private enterprise, but was
state-driven and ostensibly based on centralized directive planning.
at the same time, there was much in it that drew upon russia抯
traditional patterns. ever since peter the great, the russian
government had played a key role in expanding the country抯
industrial capacity. the state in russia had always directed the
main forces of production and kept most important branches of
industry under its control. it is highly significant that russia抯
initial industrial boom in the 1890s, under the last two of the
romanov tsars, became possible mainly thanks to the
government-sponsored railway construction program that created a big
demand for metal, coal, and oil, leading to the rapid development of
the metal and fuel industries. |
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stalin抯 methods of financing industrial expansion also had
parallels in the russian past. both under him and the last romanov
tsars it was the peasants who, of all the population groups, paid a
particularly heavy price for the government抯 industrial policy. to
finance economic modernization, the tsarist government relied on
russia抯 traditional fiscal structures, such as the village commune,
which played a crucial role in the collection of government taxes.
on top of the heavy fiscal burden of direct taxes, peasants also
paid for the industrialization as consumers, through high tariffs on
imported goods and rising indirect taxes on consumer goods.
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similarly, under stalin capital was forcibly squeezed out of the
reluctant population, mainly the peasantry, through an arbitrary
price system. but the most drastic solution of how to finance
industrial expansion was found in creating on the basis of small and
low-productive individual peasant farmsteads large-scale socialist
collective farms. the collectivization of agriculture enabled the
state to exercise direct administrative control over large
collectivized farms, whose profits could be ploughed back into the
construction of new industrial plants. the policy looked radical and
unprecedented, yet it too, to some extent, drew upon the legacies of
the past, including serfdom and the traditions of the village
commune. the imposition of the collective-farm system was achieved
partly due to state terror but also partly due to the vestiges of
communal traditions and the egalitarian attitudes of peasants in the
countryside.
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