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the adoption of stalin抯 model of industrialization, with its
emphasis on the rapid expansion of heavy industry, very quickly
sharpened the contradictions inherent in the nep russia. the transition to rapid
industrialization beginning in 1927 was accompanied by massive
rouble emission to finance capital investments in large-scale
industry. as a result, the soviet currency depreciated and lost
convertibility. at the same time, consumer goods went up, fueling
shortages. almost immediately the government was confronted with
difficulties in grain procurements. the problem was that the
peasants were losing incentives to sell their grain on the market or
to the state, because money could not buy them necessary consumer
goods and because the state procurement prices were set too low.
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1927?8, as the cities and the army faced the threat of hunger, the
authorities had to reintroduce food rationing. to resolve the food
crisis, the government revived the experience of the war communism
years, resorting again to the coercive methods of grain
appropriation. grain procurement detachments were once again sent to
the countryside to confiscate agricultural produce by force and
repression. the countryside responded with the killings of party
activists, sporadic revolts, and uprisings, but the grain was
collected. in 1929 the crisis situation recurred, as the unwilling
peasantry had reduced areas under tillage.
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failure of state grain procurements not only posed a threat to
social stability in the cities by creating food shortages but also
undermined the government抯 grandiose plans of rapid
industrialization. to implement its industrial projects, the soviet
union relied on regular purchases of machines and equipment from
abroad. this required additional financial resources that were to be
gained by exporting raw materials and agricultural produce. grain
was the country抯 chief export commodity. without sufficient stocks
of grain to export, the government would have to either scale down
significantly its ambitious industrialization rates or resort to
extraordinary measures to squeeze grain out of unwilling peasants.
the communists increasingly perceived the peasantry as an obstacle
to their plans of rapid socialist transformation.
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