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the
consequences of the destruction of the old economic structure in the
countryside were severe. the productive forces of agriculture were
undermined for many years to come: in 1929?2 the total number of
cattle and horses fell by one-third and of sheep and pigs, more than
twofold. the collectivization resulted in mass famine, caused not so
much by a poor harvest as by the government抯 drive to appropriate
all grain output of collective farms, including seed stocks, to feed
the cities and sell for export. starving peasants were reduced to
pilfering grain from collective-farm fields and granaries. to combat
this, a law was enacted in 1932 that imposed harsh penalties for
stealing collective-farm property. any theft, however small梑e it
merely a handful of seeds梬as punished by a prison sentence of ten
years minimum or a death sentence. tens of thousands of people fell
victim to this draconian law. |
the
human costs of the collectivization were catastrophic: the ukraine,
kazakhstan, north caucasus, the volga regions and the south urals
region梚n other words, some of the key grain-producing areas梬ere
consumed by a devastating famine. the tragedy of the situation was
that the authorities refused to acknowledge officially the existence
of the famine. troops were sent in to cordon off the affected areas
to prevent the famished peasants from escaping to the cities,
because their begging and appearance would immediately dispel the
official tales about the happy life in collectivized villages. as a
result, millions were condemned to starvation: three to four million
people died of hunger in 1932?3.
however, to the communists the end justified the means,?as they
celebrated a big victory on the road to socialism. despite the fact
that the peasant population fell by a third and grain output was
down by 10 percent, the state procurement of grain in 1934 was
double the level of 1928. the agrarian sector was now transformed
into an integral arm of the command-bureaucratic economy.
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