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stalin抯 leadership responded to the new public attitudes with a
combination of concessions and repression. on the one hand, it
strove to create a semblance of some democratization: soviets at all
levels resumed their regular work, and congresses of public,
cultural, and professional organizations were reconvened after
periods of prolonged inactivity. |
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in 1948 the first congress of composers was held; in 1949 the
congress of trade unions was convened after an interval of seventeen
years and the congress of the young communist league for the first time
in thirteen years. positive developments took place in education,
science, and culture. new universities and research centers were set up, and academies of
science were founded in kazakhstan, latvia, and estonia. in 1952
compulsory education was extended to seven years for all soviet
children, and a network of evening schools was set up for young
people in jobs. soviet television began its regular broadcasts. |
in
1952 the nineteenth party congress made the decision to rename the
all-union communist party of the bolsheviks as the communist party
of the soviet union (cpsu). this was a symbolic gesture that
consigned to history the words bolshevik and bolshevik party,
associated in the popular consciousness with the years of stalinist
repression. the purge of political vocabulary also involved the
terms people抯 commissar and people抯 commissariat, replaced by the
more conventional minister and ministry.
however, the state-sponsored democratization was only skin-deep.
intimidation and repression remained the regime抯 main instruments
of ruling society. in the late 1940s a new purge was under way
disguised as the campaign against 揷osmopolitism?and 揷ringing to
the west.?it was used to fan anti-western attitudes and
anti-semitism, mirroring, to some extent, the anti-communist
hysteria that gripped the united states at about the same time.
stalin抯 equivalent of a 搘itch-hunt,?however, had a far more
ambitious aim of reimposing comprehensive ideological and political
control over society. it was an attempt to resuscitate the 揺nemy
image,?which had faded somewhat during the war, and to provide
ideological justification for a new spiral of terror. until stalin抯
death in 1953, state repression remained at an intolerable level,
extending to various social, professional, and ethnic groups,
including the party leadership itself, the intellectual community,
and the jews.
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