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the postwar period saw the rise of underground nationalist movements of varying intensity. the crimean tatars and the germans voiced demands for the restoration of their territorial autonomies. although their volga autonomy was not reinstated, tens of thousands of ethnic germans were able to emigrate to west germany beginning in the 1970s. similarly, the american patronage of the demands of the soviet jewry for the right of emigration helped to reach the level of over 200,000 jewish emigrants leaving the soviet union by 1981.

however, the crimean tatars, german, and jewish cases were special, as these were nation groups without territorial jurisdictions. in union republics nationalist activities of titular nationalities were usually limited to small circles of intellectuals. opposition groups in georgia, armenia, estonia, and latvia focused primarily on language and cultural issues. only lithuania evolved a mass national movement in the 1960s and 1970s backed by the catholic hierarchy. some of the lithuanian petitions to soviet leaders contained over 100,000 signatures. nationalism was also rife in west ukraine, 搑eunited?with the rest of the republic during the second world war. many of its citizens sought to preserve and protect the uniate church banned by the soviet authorities in 1946. national aspirations of the ukrainians were stamped out relentlessly for obvious reasons: the republic抯 demographic, economic, and geostrategic importance for the communist empire was second only to russia.

however, until the mid-1980s none of the national movements had sufficient strength to threaten the stability of the soviet regime. to many observers, the cpsu抯 management of nationality relations looked successful enough to give credence to the soviet leaders? claim that the 搉ationalities question?was close to being finally resolved. the last general secretary to rule over the soviet union, mikhail gorbachev, revealed astonishing complacency of the party leadership on this score. at the party congress in 1986 he claimed emphatically that the 搉ationalities question in the ussr had been settled once and for all.?few people could foresee that in two years the soviet federation would implode and the 搉ationalities question?would become utterly unmanageable. in practice, the assimilation of the various ethnic groups had not materialized in the way intended by soviet leaders. as long as the central party-state authorities retained their coercive grip over society, it proved possible to prevent ethnic contradictions and tensions from getting out of hand. but once gorbachev抯 liberalization began to undermine the power and authority of central institutions, the concealed ethnic divisions suddenly erupted to the surface.