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the
union of soviet socialist republics was founded on 30 december
1922, five years after the october revolution of 1917, on the ruins
of the old empire but within much the same boundaries as imperial
russia. the formation of the ussr cannot be interpreted simply as a
reunification of the peoples of the former empire forced on them
from above by the bolshevik leadership. the process of their
reintegration into one state had deep historical, economic,
political, and cultural causes and was supported from below, as well
as directed from above. moreover, the political regimes that had
sprung up in the territories of tsarist russia needed a union with
the russian heartlands to ensure their common survival in the face
of a hostile international environment.
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the
breakup of the tsarist empire had led to the emergence of six
socialist republics: russia, belorussia, ukraine, armenia,
azerbaijan, and georgia. formally these states were independent, but
in reality they were parts of one country because they had joint
command of the armed forces, a single currency, and joint people抯
commissariats (i.e., ministries) of transport, finance, labor, and
foreign trade. most importantly, they were subordinated to the
central apparatus of the russian communist party (bolsheviks), which
had always rejected the federal principle in its own structures. all
that was needed was to formalize de jure the de facto unity of the
soviet republics.
the
task of working out proposals for a new constitutional structure was
entrusted to joseph stalin, who at that time was the people抯
commissar for nationalities. stalin proposed the incorporation of
the ukraine, belorussia, armenia, georgia, and azerbaijan as
autonomies into russia. lenin disagreed with this plan of 揳utonomization,?
as he believed that to violate the proclaimed right of nations to
self-determination would be a political mistake. it could spark
serious conflicts, undermining the fledgling soviet state. lenin
defended a different formula: 揳 voluntary union of equal
independent republics.?
