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the
repressions against nationalities reached their peak in the mass
deportations of entire peoples during the second world war. when
soviet power was threatened by the nazi invasion, stalin accused the
crimean tatars, the volga germans, and a number of caucasian peoples
of collaboration with the enemy, and deported nearly two million
people in cattle trucks to eastern kazakhstan, siberia, and central
asia. about one-third of the deportees died en route or did not
survive in the harsh conditions of the exile. |
the
molotov-ribbentrop pact of 1939 and the soviet victory in the second
world war allowed stalin and his regime to complete the
reintegration of the russian lands lost at the time of the
revolution and not only to take back the regions populated by east
slavs but also to reannex estonia, latvia, lithuania, and bessarabia.
the 搒ovietization?of the reclaimed territories led to the
deportation of tens of thousands to labor camps and exile.
after his death in 1953, the excesses of stalin抯 treatment of
nationalities did not reappear. at the same time, no conclusive and
permanent break with stalinist practices in this or any other sphere
was made by his successors. still, the post-stalin leadership
partially resuscitated some of the methods of the 1920s, including
indigenization, greater reliance on non-russian communists in the
union republics, and tolerance toward local languages and cultures.
the concessions remained halfhearted, and the nationality policy
oscillated between a more flexible, lenient tendency and repression.
