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the whole, the union抯 various republics and national territories
seemed to be obedient to moscow in all essential matters. the level
of visible conflict between national groups, or between
nationalities and the center, was extremely low. the regime believed
that it had been quite successful in molding 揳 new historic
community of people梩he soviet nation.?all citizens of the soviet
union were members of a supranational soviet people, subscribed to a
unifying ideology (marxism-leninism), embraced a single political
goal (communism), and communicated in a common language (russian). |
however, these hopes were never fulfilled. the relaxation of
communist controls after the death of stalin and a limited
communist controls after the death of stalin and a limited
decentralization that came with it rekindled the process of nation
building stifled by stalin抯 tyranny. the intelligentsia of various
nation groups was growing more proactive, contributing to a revival
of national languages, literatures, and self-awareness. the rising
national elites were increasingly frustrated with restraints imposed
by moscow.
in
the three decades following stalin抯 death, non-russians were able
to use much better the opportunities implicit in the soviet federal
structures. from the 1960s they were fairly adequately represented
in their republican leaderships and delegated their representatives
to the center in moscow. with time, members of the indigenous
nationalities came to take certain rights for granted. these
included the principles that the leader of the communist party
organization in that republic was a member of the indigenous
nationality, and that national cultural traditions were respected
and developed as long as they did not directly clash with soviet
ideological doctrine.
the
steady rise in the population抯 educational levels over the decades
of soviet rule further contributed to the formation of a national
intelligentsia and a national political elite in each republic. the
growth of ethnic self-consciousness among various soviet peoples
fostered a tendency for the leaders and populations in the republics
to think of the territory and institutions in their jurisdiction as
搕heirs.?as a result, the national identity of the indigenous
nationality became firmly bound with the territory that carried its
name, even though some of the nationalities had had no tradition of
independent statehood prior to the formation of the ussr.
