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stalin抯 industrialization was planned as a series of five-year
programs for industrial expansion. a five-year plan became the 搇aw?
of the life of soviet society. the transition to centralized
directive planning led to the revival of certain characteristics of
the war communism era. it entailed the elevation of the role of the
gosplan梩he state planning authority梩hat had been in existence
since the early 1920s. gosplan was directly subordinated to the
government and charged with drawing up the five-year-plans in
accordance with the leadership抯 political objectives. the plans set
targets of output and production to be reached ranging across the
whole of soviet industry.
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first five-year plan covered the period from october 1928 to
december 1932. it was launched with great fanfare in an atmosphere
of officially sponsored optimism. the first apparent successes
pushed the leaders to adopt the slogan 揟he five-year plan in four
years!?but soon numerous difficulties began to crop up. the
industrialization was embarked upon too hastily, with insufficient
industrialization was embarked upon too hastily, with insufficient
resources and with a limited pool of skilled labor. it was severely
handicapped by the country抯 general backwardness in technological
and economic terms and in social and cultural development. moreover,
overcentralized planning did not always work in practice. untrained
workers often could not operate the complicated, largely imported
machinery, which was frequently put in unsuitable locations.
at
the end of 1932, it was officially announced that the overall
objectives of the first five-year plan had been achieved ahead of
time. even now, after seven decades, it is difficult to judge to
what extent the triumphant declaration corresponded to reality. the
newspapers were allowed to report only 搊utstanding achievements?of
the ussr抯 advance toward socialism. local state agencies were
prohibited from publishing any economic data apart from the official
figures issued by the gosplan. according to these, the output of
machinery and electric equipment expanded by 157 percent over the
1929 level.
whatever the veracity of the soviet statistics, in the industrial
field the overall achievements of the plan were impressive. two new
important industrial centers were established, one in the urals (magnitogorsk)
and the other in southern siberia (kuznetsk). entirely new branches
of industry were developed, such as aviation, plastics, and
synthetic rubber. the plan constituted an important milestone in the
process of the socioeconomic transformation of russia.
