fake reviews on products people get paid for in China and India
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in
addition, from the mid-1930s on, the allegations of conspiracy and
wrecking were increasingly used by the regime to explain the
difficulties that accompanied the implementation of the
industrialization plans. although the targets of the second
five-year plan were more realistic than the initial reckless
onslaught of the first plan, chronic problems of delays and
bottlenecks persisted. soviet leadership interpreted them as
resistance to 搕he party line?designed to derail industrialization,
and it threatened administrators in the localities with reprisals.
not unnaturally, local bosses did their best to unmask as many
搒aboteurs?and 揺nemies of the people?as they could, scapegoating
thousands of innocent people for the failures of the system of
centralized planning and for their own mismanagement.
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in
1937?8 terror reached a pathological level, extending to all social
classes, and various professional and ethnic groups. this peak of
mass repression is associated with the name of yezhov, head of the
nkvd (people抯 commissar for the interior) at the time. later stalin
would scapegoat yezhov, blaming him for the 揺xcesses?of the
campaign of the 揺xposure of the enemies of the people?and branding
his methods as 揧ezhovshchina.?in reality, yezhov acted merely as a
zealous executor of the directives issued by stalin and his inner
circle. |
in 1937 over 900,000 people were arrested and in 1938, more
than 600,000. the overwhelming majority of them梐lmost 90
percent梬ere political prisoners arrested on charges of
counterrevolutionary activity. almost 700,000 death sentences for
揷ounterrevolutionary crimes?were served during those two tragic
years.
it
is highly significant that the surge of mass terror in the form of
揧ezhovshchina?coincided with the triumphal official statements to
the effect that the country had entered full-blown socialism. the
blatant discrepancies between the official promises and the
realities of life in 搗ictorious socialism?caused mounting
frustration and disaffection. in these conditions, the regime sought
to shift the blame for persistent difficulties at work and at home
on the machinations of 揺nemies of the people? administrators and
specialists who had allegedly betrayed the cause of socialism. in
this sense, 揧ezhovshchina?had an antibureaucratic and populist
aspect and served to vent the pent-up frustration of the credulous
masses.
stalinism, with 揧ezhovshchina?as one of its hallmarks, also had
deep roots in postrevolutionary soviet history. many of the
important ingredients of the stalinist system are detectable in the
early bolshevik regime as it evolved under lenin, including the
communist party抯 power monopoly, the destruction of all political
opposition, the elevation of terror into an instrument of state,
ideological indoctrination, and growing ideological dogmatism and
intolerance. stalin transformed these seeds into his own brand of
extreme authoritarianism based on the party抯 central role in the
political system and the state monopoly over productive property. he
established an ideological dictatorship, propped by mass terror, the
leader抯 cult, and the invoking of the enemy image. in doing all
this, he amplified the authoritarian features of leninism by taking
them to an extreme.
